对外经济贸易大学

2005年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试

413国际贸易学综合试题

 

一、名词解释（每小题4分，共20分）

 

1．  充分就业预算盈余

2．  平衡关税

3．  复汇率

4．  蒙代尔分配原则

5．  过期提单

 

二、判断题（只判断正误，无需改正，每小题1分，共7分）

 

1、  乌拉圭回合签署《服务贸易总协定》将国际服务贸易界定为自然人流动、境外消费、商业存在、跨境贸易四种形式。

2、  国际商品协定中，缓冲存货指协定参加国通过建立战略性商品库存以应付可能发生的供应短缺。

3、  浮动汇率制度为外汇投机提供了土壤和条件，助长了外汇投机活动，加剧了国际金融市场的动荡和混乱。

4、  欧洲债券是一国借款人在外国证券市场上发行的以该市场所在国货币表明面值的国际债券。

5、  FCA、CPT、CIP三种贸易术语中，就卖方承担的责任与风险而言，FCA最小，CPT其次，CIP最大。

6、  信用证修改通知书有多项内容时，只能全部接受或全部拒绝，不能只接受其中的一部分，而拒绝另一部分。

7、  运输工具在运输途中发生了搁浅、触礁、沉没等意外事故，不论意外事故发生之前或之后货物在海上遭遇恶劣气候、雷电、海啸等自然灾害造成被保险货物的部分损失，属于平安险的承保范围。

 

三、单项选择（每小题1分，共5分）

 

1．“米德冲突”是指（  ）的冲突。

A．经常项目改善与资本项目改善       B 贬值与进口

C．外部平衡与内部平衡               D 货币政策与外部平衡

2．不属于国际上通常采用的衡量一国在一时点外债负担的指标是（  ）

A．外债余额/国民生产总值            B 外债利率/外债总额

C．外债余额出口商品、劳务的外汇收入额

D．外债还本付息额/出口商品、劳务的外汇收入额

3．我公司出口大宗商品，按CIF新加坡成交，合同规定采用程租船运输，我公司不愿承担卸货费用，则应选择的贸易术语的变形是（  ）

A. CIF Liner Terms Singapore            B. CIF Landed Singapore

C. CIF Ex Ship’s Hold Singapore          D. CIF Ex Tackle Singapore

4．我某进出口公司按FOB条件出口一批货物，采用程租船运输，若我方不愿承担装船费用，应采用（  ）

A. FOB Under Tackle                   B. FOB Stowed

C. FOB Trimmed                       D. FOBST

5．在国际货物买卖合同中，作为卖方的A公司和作为买方的B公司，B在合同签订后将10万美元定金先付给A公司，后A公司没有履行合同，问A公司应该返还B公司多少万美元（  ）。

A．10                              B 20

C．5                               D 30

 

四、简答题（每题8分，共32分）

 

1、在研究企业的成本变动规律中，规模经济、范围经济和学习曲线对企业的成本分别有什么影响？

2、简单说明比较优势与机会成本的关系，并根据生产可能性边界说明为什么当一国存在比较优势时，国际贸易具有使该国在其生产可能性边界之外消费的效应？

3、简述人力资本说对里昂惕夫之谜的解释。

4、根据《国际货币基金协定》第八款“会员国的一般义务”第2~4章规定，经常项目下货币可兑换的标准。

 

五、论述题（12分）

 

试述中国市场经济地位问题的由来与经济意义。

 

六、论述与计算分析题（14分）

 

已知总生产函数Y=K^0.5(AN)^0.5，其中K为资本存量，A为技术水平，N为劳动力数量。假定：A为1，N以人口自然增长率n=0.1的速度增长，

a)         写出人均生产函数的形式。

b)        根据新古典经济增长模型，当储蓄率S=20%时，求经济增长时的人均资本量和人均收入。

c)        稳定状态下的人均收入增长率是多少？总收入增长率是多少？

d)        说明有哪些因素影响稳态的人均收入增长率？如何影响？

 

七、案例分析题（10分）

 

我某轻工进出口公司与某国JL公司达成一份出口合同，支付条件为D/P 45天付款。当汇票及所附单据通过托收行寄抵进口地代收行后，JL公司及时在汇票上输了承兑手续。货抵目的港时，由于用货心切，加上行情看涨，JL公司出具信托收据向代收行借得单据，先行提货并转售。汇票到期时，JL公司由于经营不善，失去偿付能力。代收行以汇票付款人拒付为由通知托收行，并建议由我公司直接向JL公司索取货款。对此，你认为我公司应如何处理？并说明理由。

 

八、英译汉（共三段，共50分）

 

1. The Classical Theory of Motivation (20分)

The classical theory of motivation can be stated simply; Money is the sole motivator in the workplace. In this view, human beings are economic creatures who work only to pay for food, clothing, and shelter (and whatever luxuries they may be able to afford beyond that). To motivate workers, then, a manager has only to show them that they’ll earn more money by doing things the company’s way.

The chief spokesperson for the classical theory was Frederick W. Taylor (1856-1915). A firm believer in the division of labor, Taylor broke wok into small units that were both efficient and easy to measure. He then determined a reasonable level of productivity for each task and established a quota, or minimum goal, that he expected each worker to reach. Under this piecework system, workers who just met or fell short of the quota were paid a certain amount for each unit produced. Those who surpassed it were paid at a higher rate for all units produced, not just for those that exceeded the quota. Needless to say, his system gave workers a strong incentive to increase productivity.

About 1900 Taylor’s system, called scientific management, was introduced at Bethlehem Steel with impressive results. The average steel handler’s wage rose from $1.15 to $1.85 a day, and productivity increased so sharply that handling costs were cut by more than half. The experiment had a profitable outcome for everyone.

The classical theory of motivation worked well in the early part of this century for a good reason: Most workers were very poor. Today, however, classical theory fails to explain why a person whose spouse makes a good living will still want to work or why a Wall Street lawyer will take a hefty pay cut to serve in government. Clearly, money is not the only thing that motivates people to work (as Taylor was quite aware --- he also did pioneer work in job design and worker health).

 

2. A China Upstart Takes on Ebay (20分)

Chinese internet entrepreneur Jack Ma is a small man with elfin features. It’s easier to imagine a stiff wind blowing him across the surface of West Lake, the main tourist attraction in his hometown of Hangzhou, that to picture him blocking the global expansion drive of an online juggernaut like eBay. And yet that’s just what Ma, CEO of a little-known B2B auction site called Alibaba.com, is doing. “We were scared,” Ma says of his reaction in March 2002 when eBay paid $30 million for a 33% stake in EachNet, China’s first and largest online trading site for consumers. Ma now calls eBay “a lot weaker than we thought.”

Last year, just weeks after eBay spent $150 million to acquire the remaining 67% of EachNet, Ma put Alibaba.com in direct competition by launching a rival consumer site called Taobao.com (Chinese for “digging for treasure”). Ma, a former English teacher who has been hailed by many as the father of China’s Internet since he registered China’s first website in 1995, insists eBay will prove no match for Taobao’s local savvy and superior customer service --- and no user fees. EBay, he says, may be the “shark in the ocean, but we are the crocodile in the Yangtze River.”

The water these sharp-toothed creatures inhabit will soon be far wider. China has more than 80 million Internet users, making it the world’s second-largest Internet population after the U.S. But eBay CEO Meg Whitman thinks the number of Chinese Netizens could soar to 500 million, which over the next ten to 15 years would make China eBay’s biggest market.

Whitman’s determination to succeed in China reflects painful lessons learned in Japan, where in 2000 eBay rolled out its site five months after Yahoo. Unable to convert users, in 2002 Whitman closed eBay’s Japanese site and withdrew. That failure added urgency to his search for opportunities elsewhere in Asia. In late 2000, Whitman dispatched aide Stephanie Tilenius to scout the Chinese landscape. Tilenius recommended Shanghai-based EachNet, led by CEO Shao Yibo, as the most attractive partner. Shao, a Shanghai native who graduated from Harvard Business School and worked at Boston Consulting Group, in fact had fashioned the site in eBay’s image. Whitman met Shao just after the Sept. 11 terrorist attacks unable to get a flight back to the U.S. from Tokyo, she and Tilenius decided to fly to China instead.

Unlike eBay in the U.S., which was profitable from the outset, EachNet has yet to make money. Whitman is nevertheless encouraged by the fact that EachNet made a smooth transition to the eBay model of charging fees to sellers. Wang Yue, an analyst with iResearch in Beijing, estimates that items sold on EachNet now account for about 70% of the total value of goods purchased online by Chinese consumers. With the EachNet acquisition, he says, “eBay has clearly become China’s marker leader.”

 

3. The Banker’s Lien (10分)

Nature of lien

    Bankers and brokers have a lien over securities deposited with them by customers. As such securities frequently relate to advances of the lien. The general rule concerning the nature of such a lien has been stated by Lord Kenyon in Davis v. Bowsher “by the general law of the land a banker has a general lien upon all the securities in his hands belonging to any particular person for his general balance, unless there be evidence to show that he received any particular security under special circumstances, which would take it out of the common rule.” Similarity, in Brandao v. Barnett Lord Lyndhurst said that “by the law-merchant, a banker has a lien for his general balance on securities deposited with him.” However, there is a difference between the banker’s lien and other types of lien. This has been explained by Lord Denning M.R., in Halesowen Pesswork and Assemblies Ltd v. Westminster Bank Ltd: “The lien which we call a “banker’s lien” has no resemblance to any other kind of lien. In the ordinary way a lien gives a creditor a right to retain possession of a thing until his account is paid. If the creditor lets it out of his possession he loses his lien. The creditor has no right to sell the thing or dispose of it. He is only entitled to retain possession. But when a banker has a lien over a cheque belonging to a customer or its proceeds, it means that the banker can retain the cheque or its proceeds until the customer has paid the banker the amount of his overdraft; and the banker can realize the cheque and apply the proceeds in discharge pro tanto (for so much) of the overdraft. The banker does not lose the lien by allowing the customer to draw against the proceeds. That only means that he has released his lien to that extent.”