2009 年考研英语真题和答案
Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D
on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are. 1 the
fruit-fly experiments described in Carl Zimmer’s piece in the Science Times on Tuesday. Fruit
flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly 2 to live shorter lives. This suggests
that 3 bulbs burn longer, that there is an 4 in not being too terrifically bright.
Intelligence, it 5 out, is a high-priced option. It takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow 6
the starting line because it depends on learning — a gradual 7 — instead of instinct. Plenty of
other species are able to learn, and one of the things they’ve apparently learned is when to 8 .
Is there an adaptive value to 9 intelligence? That’s the question behind this new research. I like it.
Instead of casting a wistful glance 10 at all the species we’ve left in the dust I.Q.-wise, it
implicitly asks what the real 11 of our own intelligence might be. This is 12 the mind of every
animal I’ve ever met.
Research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animals would 13 on
humans if they had the chance. Every cat with an owner, 14 , is running a small-scale study in
operant conditioning. we believe that 15 animals ran the labs, they would test us to 16 the limits of
our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain. They would try to decide what intelligence
in humans is really 17 , not merely how much of it there is. 18 , they would hope to study a 19
question: Are humans actually aware of the world they live in? 20 the results are inconclusive.
1. [A] Suppose [B] Consider [C] Observe [D] Imagine
2. [A] tended [B] feared [C] happened [D] threatened
3. [A] thinner [B] stabler [C] lighter [D] dimmer
4. [A] tendency [B] advantage [C] inclination [D] priority
5. [A] insists on [B] sums up [C] turns out [D] puts forward
6. [A] off [B] behind [C] over [D] along
7. [A] incredible [B] spontaneous [C]inevitable [D] gradual
8. [A] fight [B] doubt [C] stop [D] think
9. [A] invisible [B] limited [C] indefinite [D] different
10. [A] upward [B] forward [C] afterward [D] backward
11. [A] features [B] influences [C] results [D] costs
12. [A] outside [B] on [C] by [D] across
13. [A] deliver [B] carry [C] perform [D] apply
14. [A] by chance [B] in contrast [C] as usual [D] for instance
15. [A] if [B] unless [C] as [D] lest
16. [A] moderate [B] overcome [C] determine [D] reach
17. [A] at [B] for [C] after [D] with
18. [A] Above all [B] After all [C] However [D] Otherwise
19. [A] fundamental [B] comprehensive [C] equivalent [D] hostile
20. [A] By accident [B] In time [C] So far [D] Better still
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D.
Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
Text1
Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and
relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. “Not choice, but habit rules the
unreflecting herd,” William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st
century, even the word “habit” carries a negative connotation.
So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. But
brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create
parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto
new, innovative tracks.
But don’t bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the
hippocampus, they’re there to stay. Instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves
create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.
“ The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,” says Dawna Markova,
author of “The Open Mind” and an executive change consultant for Professional Thinking
Partners. “But we are taught instead to ‘decide,’ just as our president calls himself ‘the Decider.’ ”
She adds, however, that “to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one. A good innovational
thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities.”
All of us work through problems in ways of which we’re unaware, she says. Researchers in the
late 1960 covered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary
ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively. At puberty,
however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that
have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.
The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few
of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought. “This breaks the major
rule in the American belief system — that anyone can do anything,” explains M. J. Ryan, author of
the 2006 book “This Year I Will...” and Ms. Markova’s business partner. “That’s a lie that we have
perpetuated, and it fosters commonness. Knowing what you’re good at and doing even more of it
creates excellence.” This is where developing new habits comes in.
21. The view of Wordsworth habit is claimed by being
A. casual B. familiar C. mechanical D. changeable.
22. The researchers have discovered that the formation of habit can be
A. predicted B. regulated C. traced D. guided
23.” ruts”(in line one, paragraph 3) has closest meaning to
A. tracks B. series C. characteristics D. connections
24. Ms. Markova’s comments suggest that the practice of standard testing ?
A, prevents new habits form being formed
B, no longer emphasizes commonness
C, maintains the inherent American thinking model
D, complies with the American belief system
25. Ryan most probably agree that
A. ideas are born of a relaxing mind
B. innovativeness could be taught
C. decisiveness derives from fantastic ideas
D. curiosity activates creative minds
Text 2
It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly)
wisdom – or at least confirm that he’s the kid’s dad. All he needs to do is shell our $30 for
paternity testing kit (PTK) at his local drugstore – and another $120 to get the results.
More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first become available without
prescriptions last years, according to Doug Fog, chief operating officer of Identigene, which
makes the over-the-counter kits. More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests Directly to the
public , ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2500.
Among the most popular : paternity and kinship testing , which adopted children can use to find
their biological relatives and latest rage a many passionate genealogists-and supports businesses
that offer to search for a family’s geographic roots .
Most tests require collecting cells by webbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company
for testing. All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA.
But some observers are skeptical, “There is a kind of false precision being hawked by people
claiming they are doing ancestry testing,” says Trey Duster, a New York University sociologist.
He notes that each individual has many ancestors-numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries
back. Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inherited
through men in a father’s line or mitochondrial DNA, which a passed down only from mothers.
This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for
example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four
generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents.
Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to
which a sample is compared. Databases used by some companies don’t rely on data collected
systematically but rather lump together information from different research projects. This means
that a DNA database may differ depending on the company that processes the results. In addition,
the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject
to peer review or outside evaluation.
26.In paragraphs 1 and 2 , the text shows PTK’s ___________.
[A]easy availability
[B]flexibility in pricing
[C] successful promotion
[D] popularity with households
27. PTK is used to __________.
[A]locate one’s birth place
[B]promote genetic research
[C] identify parent-child kinship
[D] choose children for adoption
28. Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to__________.
[A]trace distant ancestors
[B] rebuild reliable bloodlines
[C] fully use genetic information
[D] achieve the claimed accuracy
29. In the last paragraph ,a problem commercial genetic testing faces is __________.
[A]disorganized data collection
[B] overlapping database building
30. An appropriate title for the text is most likely to be__________.
[A]Fors and Againsts of DNA testing
[B] DNA testing and It’s problems
[C]DNA testing outside the lab
[D] lies behind DNA testing
Text 3
The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely
misunderstood by economists and politicians alike progress in both area is undoubtedly necessary
for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the
conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid
economic development in poor countries is wrong. We are fortunate that is it, because new
educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic
performance would require two or three generations. The findings of a research institution have
consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher
productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living.
Ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the United States. Not long ago, with the
country entering a recessing and Japan at its pre-bubble peak. The U.S. workforce was derided as
poorly educated and one of primary cause of the poor U.S. economic performance. Japan was, and
remains, the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity. Yet the research revealed that the
U.S. factories of Honda Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their
Japanese countere pants a result of the training that U.S. workers received on the job.
More recently, while examing housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate,
non-English- speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor
productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry’s work.
What is the real relationship between education and economic development? We have to suspect
that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments
don’t force it. After all, that’s how education got started. When our ancestors were hunters and
gatherers 10,000 years ago, they didn’t have time to wonder much about anything besides finding
food. Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other
things.
As education improved, humanity’s productivity potential, they could in turn afford more
education. This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient,
condition for the complex political systems required by advanced economic performance. Thus
poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may
be possible only with broader formal education. A lack of formal education, however, doesn’t
constrain the ability of the developing world’s workforce to substantially improve productivity for
the forested future. On the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education
isn’t developing more quickly there than it is.
31. The author holds in paragraph 1 that the important of education in poor countries
___________.
[A] is subject groundless doubts
[B] has fallen victim of bias
[C] is conventional downgraded
[D] has been overestimated
32. It is stated in paragraph 1 that construction of a new education system __________.
[A]challenges economists and politicians
[B]takes efforts of generations
[C] demands priority from the government
[D] requires sufficient labor force
33.A major difference between the Japanese and U.S workforces is that __________.
[A] the Japanese workforce is better disciplined
[B] the Japanese workforce is more productive
[C]the U.S workforce has a better education
[D] ]the U.S workforce is more organize
34. The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged __________.
[A] when people had enough time
[B] prior to better ways of finding food
[C] when people on longer went hung
[D] as a result of pressure on government
35. According to the last paragraph , development of education __________.
[A] results directly from competitive environments
[B] does not depend on economic performance
[C] follows improved productivity
[D] cannot afford political changes
Text 4
The most thoroughly studied in the history of the new world are the ministers and political leaders
of seventeenth-century New England. According to the standard history of American philosophy,
nowhere else in colonial America was “So much important attached to intellectual pursuits ”
According to many books and articles, New England’s leaders established the basic themes and
preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.
To take this approach to the New Englanders normally mean to start with the Puritans’ theological
innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church-important subjects that we may not
neglect. But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the
original Puritans as carriers of European culture adjusting to New world circumstances. The New
England colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals
of civility and virtuosity.
The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive education and influence in
England. `Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts church in the
decade after 1629,There were political leaders like John Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer,
and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston. There men wrote and published
extensively, reaching both New World and Old World audiences, and giving New England an
atmosphere of intellectual earnestness.
We should not forget , however, that most New Englanders were less well educated. While few
crafts men or farmers, let alone dependents and servants, left literary compositions to be analyzed,
The in thinking often had a traditional superstitions quality. A tailor named John Dane, who
emigrated in the late 1630s, left an account of his reasons for leaving England that is filled with
signs. sexual confusion, economic frustrations , and religious hope-all name together in a decisive
moment when he opened the Bible, told his father the first line he saw would settle his fate, and
read the magical words: “come out from among them, touch no unclean thing , and I will be your
God and you shall be my people.” One wonders what Dane thought of the careful sermons
explaining the Bible that he heard in puritan churched.
Mean while , many settles had slighter religious commitments than Dane’s, as one clergyman
learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New world
for religion . “Our main end was to catch fish. ”
36. The author notes that in the seventeenth-century New England___________.
[A] Puritan tradition dominated political life.
[B] intellectual interests were encouraged.
[C] Politics benefited much from intellectual endeavors.
[D] intellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal environment.
37. It is suggested in paragraph 2 that New Englanders__________.
[A] experienced a comparatively peaceful early history.
[B] brought with them the culture of the Old World
[C] paid little attention to southern intellectual life
[D] were obsessed with religious innovations
38. The early ministers and political leaders in Massachusetts Bay__________.
[A] were famous in the New World for their writings
[B] gained increasing importance in religious affairs
[C] abandoned high positions before coming to the New World
[D] created a new intellectual atmosphere in New England
39. The story of John Dane shows that less well-educated New Englanders were often
__________.
[A] influenced by superstitions
[B] troubled with religious beliefs
[C] puzzled by church sermons
[D] frustrated with family earnings
40. The text suggests that early settlers in New England__________.
[A] were mostly engaged in political activities
[B] were motivated by an illusory prospect
[C] came from different backgrounds.
[D] left few formal records for later reference
Part B
Directions:
Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions (41-45),
choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are
two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.
(10 points)
Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist
Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own
theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including
human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection. 41.____________.
American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in
the late 1800s. Morgan, along with Tylor, was one of the founders of modern anthropology. In his
work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of
societies.42._____________.
In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist Franz Boas
developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particularism,
which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology.
43._____________ .
Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and
not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture.
44._______________.
Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American
anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number of
anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of
diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a
few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures.
45.________________.
Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist ?mile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that
would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to
reinforce social solidarity. An interest in the relationship between the function of society and
culture—known as functionalism—became a major theme in European, and especially British,
anthropology.
[A] Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single
origin and passed from society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism.
[B] In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, Boas became skilled in
linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and
anatomy.
[C] He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the “survival of the
fittest,” in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger, more
advanced races and societies.
[D] They also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a people’s social structure,
such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children’s entrance into adulthood.
[E] Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of
marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and
systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.
[F]Supporters of the theory viewed as a collection of integrated parts that work together to keep a
society functioning.
[G] For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry incorrectly
suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery making, and metallurgy
all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world. In fact, all of these cultural
developments occurred separately at different times in many parts of the world.
Part C
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your
translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from living with others,
and the deliberate educating of the young. In the former case the education is incidental; it is
natural and important, but it is not the express reason of the association.46It may be said that the
measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience;
but this effect is not a part of its original motive. Religious associations began, for example, in the
desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; family life in the
desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part,
because of enslavement to others, etc. 47Only gradually was the by-product of the institution
noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct
of the institution. Even today, in our industrial life, apart from certain values of industriousness
and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which
the world's work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output.
But in dealing with the young, the fact of association itself as an immediate human fact, gains in
importance.48 While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their
disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. The need of training is too evident; the
pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these
consequences wholly out of account. 49Since our chief business with them is to enable them to
share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers
which will secure this ability.If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate
value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has
been learned largely through dealings with the young.
50 We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far
considering, a more formal kind of education -- that of direct tuition or schooling. In undeveloped
social groups, we find very little formal teaching and training. These groups mainly rely for
instilling needed dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps the
adults loyal to their group.
Section Ⅲ Writing
Part A
51. Directions:
Restrictions on the use of plastic bags have not been so successful in some regions. “White
pollution ”is still going on. Write a letter to the editor(s) of your local newspaper to
1) give your opinions briefly and
2) make two or three suggestions
You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li
Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address.
Part B
52. Directions:
In your essay, you should
1) describe the drawing briefly,
2) explain its intended meaning, and then
3) give your comments.
You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)
09 真题答案
Section I Use of English
1—5 BADBC 6—10 ADCBD
11—15 DBCDA 16—20 CBAAC
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
21—25 ABCAA 26—30 ACDAB
31—35 DBBAC 36—40 BBDAC
Part B
41—45 CEABG
Part C
46. 可以说,任何社会制度的价值在于它对扩大和改进经验方面的影响,但是这种影响并不是
它原来的动机的一部分。
47. 一种制度的副产品,只是逐步被注意到的,而这种效果被视为实施这种制度的一个指导性
因素更加缓慢得多。
48. 在和他们接触的时候,虽然容易忽略我们的行动对他们的倾向的影响,但是也不像与成年
人打交道那么简单。
49. 既然我们的主要任务在于使年轻人参与共同生活,我们禁不住考虑我们是否在形成获得
这种能力的力量。
50. 因此,我们可以在上面所考虑的广阔的教育过程之内区别出一种比较正规的教育,即直接
的教导或学校教育。
Section Ⅲ Writing
Part A
51. 应用文参考范文
Dear editor,
I am writing this letter to advise you of the pressing situation we are facing now. As we know,
being accustomed to using plastic bag in our daily life, some of us still take the “white pollution”
for granted. Plastic bag has become the indispensible part of our life, and the “white pollution”
now is a ubiquitous phenomenon, which greatly worsens our environment.
To save the situation from further aggravating, I would like to suggest that: firstly, our
government should make a set of laws to punish the groups and individuals who are still polluting
the environment; secondly, new technologies should be used to produce degradable and renewable
materials; thirdly, the local media can make full use of its own influence to intensify the publicity
in order to enhance people’s awareness of environment.
I hope that my suggestions are helpful, thank you for your attention!
Sincerely yours,
Li Ming
Part B
52. 短文写作参考范文
In the drawing, what first appears in front of us is a huge spider web, on which innumerable
people are attached, like the catch of the owner of the web. What is more ironic is they are
imprisoned in respective cabins, choosing contacting on line rather than communicating face to
face.
There is no doubt that the Internet provides us with considerable convenience. However, it
drives too many individuals to be addicted to the fictional experience, and hence forget the
traditional and most efficient communication method. Indifference has become a not uncommon
phenomenon in the modern world. The following reasons may be contribute to the phenomenon.
To begin with, people in mounting numbers, who are vividly called netters, indulge in on-line
activities, because science and technology develops too fast for people to adapt to it. The Internet,
in particular, moving forward with an unimaginable speed, provides people with a convenient tool
of getting in touch with others, which lacks weighing its correctness. Moreover, the fierce
competition also plays a role of forcing people to fear the situation, which results in people’s habit
of wallowing in the unreal world.
Hence, it is the high time that we highlighted the imperative of face-to-face communication
between people. The joint efforts of the specialists, the netters and the educators are needed to
cultivate the whole society with the essentiality. Only in this way can we expect a healthy
development of the relationship among individuals.
2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试
英语(一)
(科目代码：201)
考生注意事项
1.考生必须严格遵守各项考场规则。
2.答题前，考生应按准考证上的有关内容填写答题卡上的“考生姓名”、“报考单位”、
“考生编号"等信息。
3.答案必须按要求涂写或填写在指定的答题卡上。
(1)英语知识运用和阅读理解A 节、B 节的答案用2B 铅笔涂写在答题卡1 上。如要改动，
必须用橡皮擦干净。
(2)阅读理解C 节(英译汉)的答案和作文必须用蓝(黑)色字迹钢笔、圆珠笔或签字笔写在
答题卡2 上。字迹要清楚。
4.考试结束，将答题卡1、答题卡2 及试题一并装入试题袋中交回。
2
Section Ⅰ Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B,
C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
In 1924 America's National Research Council sent two engineers to supervise a series of
experiments at a telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. It hoped they
would learn how shop-floor lighting 1 workers' productivity. Instead, the studies ended 2
giving their name to the "Hawthorne effect," the extremely influential idea that the very 3 of
being experimented upon changed subjects' behavior.
The idea arose because of the 4 behavior of the women in the plant. According to 5
of the experiments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was
dimmed. It did not 6 what was done in the experiment; 7 something was changed,
productivity rose. A(n) 8 that they were being experimented upon seemed to be 9 to
alter workers' behavior 10 itself.
After several decades, the same data were 11 to econometric analysis. The Hawthorne
experiments had another surprise in store. 12 the descriptions on record, no systematic 13
was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting.
It turns out that the peculiar way of conducting the experiments may have led to 14
interpretations of what happened. 15 , lighting was always changed on a Sunday. When work
started again on Monday, output 16 rose compared with the previous Saturday and 17
to rise for the next couple of days. 18 , a comparison with data for weeks when there was no
experimentation showed that output always went up on Mondays. Workers 19 to be diligent
for the first few days of the week in any case, before 20 a plateau and then slackening off.
This suggests that the alleged "Hawthorne effect" is hard to pin down.
1. [A] affected [B] achieved [C] extracted [D] restored
2. [A] at [B] up [C] with [D] off
3. [A] truth [B] sight [C] act [D] proof
4. [A] controversial [B] perplexing [C] mischievous [D] ambiguous
5. [A] requirements [B] explanations [C] accounts [D] assessments
6. [A] conclude [B] matter [C] indicate [D] work
7. [A] as far as [B] for fear that [C] in case that [D] so long as
8. [A] awareness [B] expectation [C] sentiment [D] illusion
9. [A] suitable [B] excessive [C] enough [D] abundant
10. [A] about [B] for [C] on [D] by
11. [A] compared [B] shown [C] subjected [D] conveyed
12. [A] Contrary to [B] Consistent with [C] Parallel with [D] Peculiar to
13. [A] evidence [B] guidance [C] implication [D] source
14. [A] disputable [B] enlightening [C] reliable [D] misleading
15. [A] In contrast [B] For example [C] In consequence [D] As usual
16. [A] duly [B] accidentally [C] unpredictably [D] suddenly
17. [A] failed [B] ceased [C] started [D] continued
3
18. [A] Therefore [B] Furthermore [C] However [D] Meanwhile
19. [A] attempted [B] tended [C] chose [D] intended
20. [A] breaking [B] climbing [C] surpassing [D] hitting
Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or
D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
Text 1
Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past
quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and
seriousness of their arts coverage.
It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to
imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers. Yet a
considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century
consisted in large part of newspaper reviews. To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that
their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.
We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England
between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War Ⅱ, at a time when newsprint was
dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it
appeared. In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would
write in detail and at length about the events they covered. Theirs was a serious business, and even
those reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman,
could be trusted to know what they were about. These men believed in journalism as a calling, and
were proud to be published in the daily press. "So few authors have brains enough or literary gift
enough to keep their own end up in journalism," Newman wrote, "that I am tempted to define
'journalism' as 'a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are' ."
Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten. Neville Cardus, who wrote for the
Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now known solely as a
writer of essays on the game of cricket. During his lifetime, though, he was also one of England's
foremost classical-music critics, and a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography (1947)
became a best-seller. He was knighted in 1967, the first music critic to be so honored. Yet only one
of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists.
Is there any chance that Cardus's criticism will enjoy a revival? The prospect seems remote.
Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodern readers have little use for
the richly upholstered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized. Moreover, the amateur tradition
in music criticism has been in headlong retreat.
21. It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 that
[A] arts criticism has disappeared from big-city newspapers.
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[B] English-language .newspapers used to carry more arts reviews.
[C] high-quality newspapers retain a large body of readers.
[D] young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies.
22. Newspaper reviews in England before World War Ⅱ were characterized by
[A] free themes.
[B] casual style.
[C] elaborate layout.
[D] radical viewpoints.
23. Which of the following would Shaw and Newman most probably agree on?
[A] It is writers' duty to fulfill journalistic goals.
[B] It is contemptible for writers to be journalists.
[C] Writers are likely to be tempted into journalism,
[D] Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing.
24. What can be learned about Cardus according to the last two paragraphs?
[A] His music criticism may not appeal to readers today.
[B] His reputation as a music critic has long been in dispute.
[C] His style caters largely to modern specialists.
[D] His writings fail to follow the amateur tradition.
25. What would be the best title for the text?
[A] Newspapers of the Good Old Days
[B] The Lost Horizon in Newspapers
[C] Mournful Decline of Journalism
[D] Prominent Critics in Memory
Text 2
Over the past decade, thousands of patents have been granted for what are called business
methods. Amazon.com received one for its "one-click" online payment system. Merrill Lynch got
legal protection for an asset allocation strategy. One inventor patented a technique for lifting a
box.
Now the nation's top patent court appears completely ready to scale back on business-method
patents, which have been controversial ever since they were first authorized 10 years ago. In a
move that has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal
Circuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents.
In re Bilski, as the case is known, is "a very big deal," says Dennis D. Crouch of the University of
Missouri School of Law. It "has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents."
Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the Federal
Circuit itself that introduced such patents with its 1998 decision in the so-called State Street Bank
case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets. That ruling produced an
explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by emerging Internet companies trying to
stake out exclusive fights to specific types of online transactions. Later, more established
companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that
might beat them to the punch. In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more
than 300 business-method patents, despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting
them. Similarly, some Wall Street investment farms armed themselves with patents for financial
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products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice.
The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market.
The Federal Circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the
court's judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is
whether it should "reconsider" its State Street Bank ruling.
The Federal Circuit's action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the Supreme
Court that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. Last April, for example, the
justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for "inventions" that are obvious. The
judges on the Federal Circuit are "reacting to the anti-patent trend at the Supreme Court," says
Harold C. Wegner, a patent attorney and professor at George Washington University Law School.
26. Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because of
[A] their limited value to businesses.
[B] their connection with asset allocation.
[C] the possible restriction on their granting.
[D] the controversy over their authorization.
27. Which of the following is true of the Bilski case?
[A] Its ruling complies with the court decisions.
[B] It involves a very big business transaction.
[C] It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit.
[D] It may change the legal practices in the U.S.
28. The word "about-face" (Line 1, Para. 3) most probably means
[A] loss of goodwill.
[B] increase of hostility.
[C] change of attitude.
[D] enhancement of dignity.
29. We learn from the last two paragraphs that business-method patents
[A] are immune to legal challenges.
[B] are often unnecessarily issued.
[C] lower the esteem for patent holders.
[D] increase the incidence of risks.
30. Which of the following would be the subject of the text?
[A] A looming threat to business-method patents.
[B] Protection for business-method patent holders.
[C] A legal case regarding business-method patents.
[D] A prevailing trend against 'business-method patents.
Text 3
In his book The Tipping Point, Malcolm Gladwell argues that "social epidemics" are driven
in large part by the actions of a tiny minority of special individuals, often called influentials, who
are unusually informed, persuasive, or well connected. The idea is intuitively Compelling, but it
doesn't explain how ideas actually spread.
The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible-sounding but largely
untested theory called the "tw0-step flow of communication": Information flows from the media
to the influentials and from them to everyone else. Marketers have embraced the two-step flow
because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials, those select people will
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do most of the work for them. The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected
popularity of certain looks, brands, or neighborhoods. In many such cases, a cursory search for
causes finds that some small group of people was wearing, promoting, or developing whatever it
is before anyone else paid attention. Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that
only certain special people can drive trends.
In their recent work, however, some researchers have come up with the finding that
influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed. In fact, they don't
seem to be required at all.
The researchers' argument stems from a simple observation about social influence: With the
exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey - whose outsize presence is primarily a function
of media, not interpersonal, influence - even the most influential members of a population simply
don't interact with that many others. Yet it is precisely these non-celebrity influentials who,
according to the two-step-flow theory, are supposed to drive social epidemics, by influencing their
friends and colleagues directly. For a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected
must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs, and so on;
and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial
influential. If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove
resistant, for example, the cascade of change won't propagate very far or affect many people.
Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence, the researchers studied the
dynamics of social influence by conducting thousands of computer simulations of populations,
manipulating a number of variables relating to people's ability to influence others and their
tendency to be influenced. They found that the principal requirement for what is called "global
cascades" - the widespread propagation of influence through networks - is the presence not of a
few influentials but, rather, of a critical mass of easily influenced people.
31. By citing the book The Tipping Point, the author intends to
[A] analyze the consequences of social epidemics.
[B] discuss influentials' function in spreading ideas.
[C] exemplify people's intuitive response to social epidemics.
[D] describe the essential characteristics of influentials.
32. The author suggests that the "two-step-flow theory"
[A] serves as a solution to marketing problems.
[B] has helped explain certain prevalent trends.
[C] has won support from influentials.
[D] requires solid evidence for its validity.
33. What the researchers have observed recently shows that
[A] the power of influence goes with social interactions.
[B] interpersonal links can be enhanced through the media.
[C] influentials have more channels to reach the public.
[D] most celebrities enjoy wide media attention.
34. The underlined phrase "these people" in Paragraph 4 refers to the ones who
[A] stay outside the network of social influence.
[B] have little contact with the source of influence.
[C] are influenced and then influence others.
[D] are influenced by the initial influential.
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35. What is the essential element in the dynamics of social influence?
[A] The eagerness to be accepted.
[B] The impulse to influence others.
[C] The readiness to be influenced.
[D] The inclination to rely on others.
Text 4
Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public. Behind the scenes, they
have been taking aim at someone else: the accounting standard-setters. Their rules, moan the
banks, have forced them to report enormous losses, and it's just not fair. These rules say they must
value some assets at the price a third party would pay, not the price managers and regulators
would like them to fetch.
Unfortunately, banks' lobbying now seems to be working. The details may be unknowable,
but the independence of standard-setters, essential to the proper functioning of capitaI markets, is
being compromised. And, unless banks carry toxic assets at prices that attract buyers, reviving the
banking system will be difficult.
After a bruising encounter with Congress, America's Financial Accounting Standards Board
(FASB) rushed through rule changes. These gave banks more freedom to use models to value
illiquid assets and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long-term assets in their income
statements. Bob Herz, the FASB's chairman, cried out against those who "question our motives."
Yet bank shares rose and the changes enhance what one lobbying group politely calls "the use of
judgment by management."
European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standards Board
(IASB) do likewise. The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning, but the
pressure to fold when it completes its reconstruction of rules later this year is strong. Charlie
McCreevy, a European commissioner, warned the IASB that it did "not live in a political vacuum"
but "in the real world" and that Europe could yet develop different rules.
It was banks that were on the wrong planet, with accounts that vastly overvalued assets.
Today they argue that market prices overstate losses, because they largely reflect the temporary
illiquidity of markets, not the likely extent of bad debts. The truth will not be known for years. But
banks' shares trade below their book value, suggesting that investors are skeptical. And dead
markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses,
yet are reluctant to buy all those supposed bargains.
To get the system working again, losses must be recognized and dealt with. America's new
plan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assets to levels which buyers find
attractive. Successful markets require independent and even combative standard-setters. The
FASB and IASB have been exactly that, cleaning up rules on stock options and pensions, for
example, against hostility from special interests. But by giving in to critics now they are inviting
pressure to make more concessions.
36. Bankers complained that they were forced to
[A] follow unfavorable asset evaluation rules.
[B] collect payments frorn third parties.
[C] cooperate with the price managers.
[D] reevaluate some of their assets.
37. According to the author, the rule changes of the FASB may result in
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[A] the diminishing role of management.
[B] the revival of the banking system.
[C] the banks' long-term asset losses.
[D] the weakening of its independence.
38. According to Paragraph 4, McCreevy objects to the IASB's attempt to
[A] keep away from political influences.
[B] evade the pressure from their peers.
[C] act on their own in rule-setting.
[D] take gradual measures in reform.
39. The author thinks the banks were "on the wrong planet" in that they
[A] misinterpreted market price indicators.
[B] exaggerated the real value of their assets.
[C] neglected the likely existence of bad debts.
[D] denied booking losses in their sale of assets.
40. The author's attitude towards standard-setters is one of
[A] satisfaction.
[B] skepticism.
[C] objectiveness.
[D] sympathy.
Part B
Directions:
For questions 41-45, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A-G and fill them into
the numbered boxes to form a coherent text. Paragraph E has been correctly placed. There is one
paragraph which does not fit in with the text. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10
points)
[A] The first and more important is the consumer's growing preference for eating out: the
consumption of food and drink in places other than homes has risen from about 32 percent of total
consumption in 1995 to 35 percent in 2000 and is expected to approach 38 percent by 2005. This
development is boosting wholesale demand from the food service segment by 4 to 5 percent a year
across Europe, compared with growth in retail demand of 1 to 2 percent. Meanwhile, as the
recession is looming large, people are getting anxious. They tend to keep a tighter hold on their
purse and consider eating at home a realistic alternative.
[B] Retail sales of food and drink in Europe's largest markets are at a standstill, leaving
European grocery retailers hungry for opportunities to grow. Most leading retailers have already
tried e-commerce, with limited success, and expansion abroad. But almost all have ignored the big,
profitable opportunity in their own backyard: the wholesale food and drink trade, which appears to
be just the kind of market retailers need.
[C] Will such variations bring about a change in the overall structure of the food and drink
market? Definitely not. The functioning of the market is based on flexible trends dominated by
potential buyers. In other words, it is up to the buyer, rather than the seller, to decide what to buy.
At any rate, this change will ultimately be acclaimed by an ever-growing number of both domestic
and international consumers, regardless of how long the current consumer pattern will take hold.
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[D] All in all, this clearly seems to be a market in which big retailers could profitably apply
their gigantic scale, existing infrastructure, and proven skills in the management of product ranges,
logistics, and marketing intelligence. Retailers that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe
may well expect to rake in substantial profits thereby. At least, that is how it looks as a whole.
Closer inspection reveals important differences among the biggest national markets, especially in
their customer segments and wholesale structures, as well as the competitive dynamics of
individual food and drink categories. Big retailers must understand these differences before they
can identify the segments of European wholesaling in which their particular abilities might unseat
smaller but entrenched competitors. New skills and unfamiliar business models are needed too.
[E] Despite variations in detail, wholesale markets in the countries that have been closely
examined - France, Germany, Italy, and Spain - are made out of the same building blocks. Demand
comes mainly from two sources: independent mom-and-pop grocery stores which, unlike large
retail chains, are too small to buy straight from producers, and food service operators that cater to
consumers when they don't eat at home. Such food service operators range from snack machines
to large institutional catering ventures, but most of these businesses are known in the trade as
"horeca": hotels, restaurants, and cafés. Overall, Europe's wholesale market for food and drink is
growing at the same sluggish pace as the retail market, but the figures, when added together, mask
two opposing trends.
[F] For example, wholesale food and drink sales came to $268 billion in France, Germany,
Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom in 2000 - more than 40 percent of retail sales. Moreover,
average overall margins are higher in wholesale than in retail; wholesale demand from the food
service sector is growing quickly as more Europeans eat out more often; and changes in the
competitive dynamics of this fragmented industry are at last. making it feasible for wholesalers to
consolidate.
[G] However, none of these requirements should deter large retailers (and even some large
food producers and existing wholesalers) from. trying their hand, for those that master the
intricacies of wholesaling in Europe stand to reap considerable gains.
41. →42. →43. →44. →E 45.→
Part C
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.
Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
One basic weakness in a conservation system based wholly on economic motives is that most
members of the land community have no economic value. Yet these creatures are members of the
biotic community and, if its stability depends on its integrity, they are entitled to continuance.
When one of these noneconomic categories is threatened and, if we happen to love it, we
invent excuses to give it economic importance. At the beginning of the century songbirds were
supposed to be disappearing. (46) Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky
evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them. The evidence had
to be economic in order to be valid.
It is painful to read these roundabout accounts today. We have no land ethic yet, (47) but we
have at least drawn nearer the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic
right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us.
10
A parallel situation exists in respect of predatory mammals and fish-eating birds. (48) Time
was when biologists somewhat overworked the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of
game by killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on "worthless" species. Here again, the
evidence had to be economic in order to be valid. It is only in recent years that we hear the more
honest argument that predators are members of the community, and that no special interest has the
right to exterminate them for the sake of a benefit, real or fancied, to itself.
Some species of trees have been "read out of the party" by economics-minded foresters
because they grow too slowly, or have too low a sale value to pay as timber crops. (49) In Europe,
where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the noncommercial tree species are recognized as
members of the native forest community, to be preserved as such, within reason. Moreover, some
have been found to have a valuable function in building up soil fertility. The interdependence of
the forest and its constituent tree species, ground flora, and fauna is taken for granted.
To sum up: a system of conservation based solely on economic self-interest is hopelessly
lopsided. (50) It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land
community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning. It assumes,
falsely, that the economic parts of the biotic clock will function without the uneconomic parts.
Section Ⅲ Writing
Part A
51. Directions:
You are supposed to write for the Postgraduates' Association a notice to recruit volunteers for
an international conference on globalization. The notice should include the basic qualifications for
applicants and other information which you think is relevant.
You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.
Do not sign your own name at the end of the notice. Use "Postgraduates' Association" instead.
(10 points)
Part B
52. Directions:
Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should
1) describe the drawing briefly,
2) explain its intended meaning, and
3) give your comments.
You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)
一. 知识运用题答案
1--5 ABCBC 6--10 BDACD 11--15 CAADB 16--20 ADCBD
二. 阅读Part A 选择题答案
21--25 BCDAA 26--30 DDCBA 31--35 BDACC 36--40 ADCBA
三. 新题型段落排序题答案
41--45 BFDGA
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四. 翻译参考译文
46.科学家们提出一些明显站不住脚的证据迅速来拯救，其大意是：如果鸟类无法控制
害虫，那么这些害虫就会吃光我们人类。
47. 但我们至少几乎也承认这样一点：不管鸟类是否给我们带来经济上的好处，但鸟类
作为生物其固有的权利应该继续存在。
48. 曾几何时，生物学家们有点过度使用这个证据，即这些物种通过杀死体质弱者来保
持猎物的正常繁衍或者这些生物捕杀的仅仅是毫无价值的物种。
49. 在欧洲，林业在生态方面更加发达，无商业价值的树种被看作是原生森林群落的一
部分，而得到合理的保护。
50. 这一系统易于忽视，因而最终会消除掉这个土地共同体里的许多要素(成员)，虽然
这些要素(成员)缺乏商业价值，但这些要素(成员)对这个共同体的健康运行来说是必要的。
五. 大小作文参考范文
51.小作文部分参考范文
Directions:
You are supposed to write for the Postgraduates’ Association a notice to recruit
volunteers for an international conference on globalization, you should conclude the basic
qualification of applicant and the other information you think relative。
You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter.
Use " Postgraduates’ Association " instead。
参考范文
Volunteers Wanted/Needed
An international conference on globalization will be held in the coming winter vacation.
This conference will be organized by the Postgraduates’ Association。
At present we will recruit 10 volunteers to work as assistants for this conference. The
applicants are required to speak English fluently. Those who can speak another foreign
language such as French or Japanese are preferable. In addition to the language skills,
those volunteers are expected to be patient, helpful, open-minded with a loving heart. The
volunteers will be provided free three meals a day as well as transportation from and back
to the conference site。
Those who are interested in working as volunteers, please send your resume and
application letter to the e-mail address postgraduateassociation@163.com.

The Postgraduates’ Association will contact those
chosen candidates for an interview before Febulary, 1th。
We are sincerely waiting for you to join us!
Postgraduates’ Association
52. 大作文参考范文
As is vividly depicted in the drawing, in the middle of the cartoon stands a hot pot,
containing many Chinese cultural symbols, such as Beijing operas, Daoism, and some
foreigh cultural symbols, etc. How impressive the drawing is in describing the common
phenomenon that Chinese culture is becoming increasingly integrated into the world. The
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drawer’s intention seems to be highly self-evident and the meaning causes us to be
thought-provoking。
It holds to be apparent that the cartoon is indicative of a pervasive phenomenon with
regard to culture. When it comes to(一谈到) culture，its great impacts and benefits can’t be
too estimated. As China opens to the outside world, our traditional culture is embracing
the foreign culture, thus making our Chinese culture more diversified, colorful and
internationalized just like a melting pot. What the picture conveys goes far beyond this.
The fact that people from different countries are attracted to each other, indicating that to
some extent different cultures can be accepted ， respected ， appreciated and shared
internationally. Or put it in another way, Chinese unique culture can become international
through worldwide cultural exchanges. Since the trend of globalization become irresistible,
cultural integration can effectively improve mutual understanding and friendship among
different countries.
In my personal sense, Chinese national culture as priceless spiritual treasure should
be preserved and cherished. Meanwhile ， there are good reasons to embrace foreign
cultures on the ground that those ideas from other cultures can provide different
perspectives for us to observe the world in the long run. However ， confronted with a
different culture，we should be sensible enough to absorb its essence and to resist its dark
side. Only in this way can we promote cultural integration positively, thus making our
motherland dimensional, colorful and vigorous. (298 words)

2011年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语(一)试
题
Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered
blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as “a bodily
exercise precious to health.” But __1___some claims to the
contrary, laughing probably has little influence on physical fitness
Laughter does __2___short-term changes in the function of the heart and
its blood vessels, ___3_ heart rate and oxygen consumption But because
hard laughter is difficult to __4__, a good laugh is unlikely to have
__5___ benefits the way, say, walking or jogging does.
__6__, instead of straining muscles to build them, as exercise does,
laughter apparently accomplishes the __7__, studies dating back to the
1930’s indicate that laughter__8___ muscles, decreasing muscle tone for
up to 45 minutes after the laugh dies down.
Such bodily reaction might conceivably help _9__the effects of
psychological stress. Anyway, the act of laughing probably does produce
other types of ___10___ feedback, that improve an individual’s emotional
state. __11____one classical theory of emotion, our feelings are
partially rooted ____12___ physical reactions. It was argued at the end
of the 19th century that humans do not cry ___13___they are sad but they
become sad when the tears begin to flow.
Although sadness also ____14___ tears, evidence suggests that
emotions can flow __15___ muscular responses. In an experiment published
in 1988,social psychologist Fritz Strack of the University of würzburg
in Germany asked volunteers to __16___ a pen either with their
teeth-thereby creating an artificial smile – or with their lips, which
would produce a(n) __17___ expression. Those forced to exercise their
enthusiastically to funny catoons than did those whose months were
contracted in a frown, ____19___ that expressions may influence emotions
rather than just the other way around __20__ , the physical act of laughter
could improve mood.
1.[A]among [B]except [C]despite [D]like
2.[A]reflect [B]demand [C]indicate [D]produce
3.[A]stabilizing [B]boosting [C]impairing [D]determining
4.[A]transmit [B]sustain [C]evaluate [D]observe
5.[A]measurable [B]manageable [C]affordable [D]renewable
6.[A]In turn [B]In fact [C]In addition [D]In brief
7.[A]opposite [B]impossible [C]average [D]expected
8.[A]hardens [B]weakens [C]tightens [D]relaxes
9.[A]aggravate [B]generate [C]moderate [D]enhance
10.[A]physical [B]mental [C]subconscious [D]internal
11.[A]Except for [B]According to [C]Due to [D]As for
12.[A]with [B]on [C]in [D]at
13.[A]unless [B]until [C]if [D]because
14.[A]exhausts [B]follows [C]precedes [D]suppresses
15.[A]into [B]from [C]towards [D]beyond
16.[A]fetch [B]bite [C]pick [D]hold
17.[A]disappointed [B]excited [C]joyful [D]indifferent
18.[A]adapted [B]catered [C]turned [D]reacted
19.[A]suggesting [B]requiring [C]mentioning [D]supposing
20.[A]Eventually [B]Consequently [C]Similarly [D]Conversely
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text
by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.
(40 points)
Text 1
The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its
next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever
since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009. For the most
part, the response has been favorable, to say the least. “Hooray! At
last!” wrote Anthony Tommasini, a sober-sided classical-music critic.
One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, however,
is that Gilbert is comparatively little known. Even Tommasini, who had
advocated Gilbert’s appointment in the Times, calls him “an
unpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conductor about
him.” As a description of the next music director of an orchestra that
has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez,
that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint
praise.
For my part, I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or
even a good one. To be sure, he performs an impressive variety of
interesting compositions, but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery
Fisher Hall, or anywhere else, to hear interesting orchestral music. All
I have to do is to go to my CD shelf, or boot up my computer and download
still more recorded music from iTunes.
Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for
live performance are missing the point. For the time, attention, and money
of the art-loving public, classical instrumentalists must compete not
only with opera houses, dance troupes, theater companies, and museums,
but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians
of the 20th century. There recordings are cheap, available everywhere, and
very often much higher in artistic quality than today’s live performances;
moreover, they can be “consumed” at a time and place of the listener’s
choosing. The widespread availability of such recordings has thus brought
about a crisis in the institution of the traditional classical concert.
One possible response is for classical performers to program
attractive new music that is not yet available on record. Gilbert’s own
interest in new music has been widely noted: Alex Ross, a classical-music
critic, has described him as a man who is capable of turning the
Philharmonic into “a markedly different, more vibrant organization.”
But what will be the nature of that difference? Merely expanding the
orchestra’s repertoire will not be enough. If Gilbert and the
Philharmonic are to succeed, they must first change the relationship
between America’s oldest orchestra and the new audience it hops to
attract.
21. We learn from Para.1 that Gilbert’s appointment has
[A]incurred criticism.
[B]raised suspicion.
[C]received acclaim.
[D]aroused curiosity.
22. Tommasini regards Gilbert as an artist who is
[A]influential.
[B]modest.
[C]respectable.
[D]talented.
23. The author believes that the devoted concertgoers
[A]ignore the expenses of live performances.
[B]reject most kinds of recorded performances.
[C]exaggerate the variety of live performances.
[D]overestimate the value of live performances.
24. According to the text, which of the following is true of
recordings?
[A]They are often inferior to live concerts in quality.
[B]They are easily accessible to the general public.
[C]They help improve the quality of music.
[D]They have only covered masterpieces.
25. Regarding Gilbert’s role in revitalizing the Philharmonic, the
author feels
[A]doubtful.
[B]enthusiastic.
[C]confident.
[D]puzzled.
Text 2
When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August,
his explanation was surprisingly straight up. Rather than cloaking his
exit in the usual vague excuses, he came right out and said he was leaving
“to pursue my goal of running a company.” Broadcasting his ambition was
“very much my decision,” McGee says. Within two weeks, he was talking
for the first time with the board of Hartford Financial Services Group,
which named him CEO and chairman on September 29.
McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect
on what kind of company he wanted to run. It also sent a clear message
to the outside world about his aspirations. And McGee isn’t alone. In
recent weeks the No.2 executives at Avon and American Express quit with
the explanation that they were looking for a CEO post. As boards scrutinize
succession plans in response to shareholder pressure, executives who
don’t get the nod also may wish to move on. A turbulent business
environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague
pronouncements cloud their reputations.
As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold, deputy chiefs may
be more willing to make the jump without a net. In the third quarter, CEO
turnover was down 23% from a year ago as nervous boards stuck with the
leaders they had, according to Liberum Research. As the economy picks up,
opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders.
The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is
unconventional. For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the
rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be
poached. Says Korn/Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey:”I can’t think of
a single search I’ve done where a board has not instructed me to look
at sitting CEOs first.”
Those who jumped without a job haven’t always landed in top positions
quickly. Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropicana a decade age, saying she
wanted to be a CEO. It was a year before she became head of a tiny
Internet-based commodities exchange. Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in
2005 with ambitions to be a CEO. He finally took that post at a major
financial institution three years later.
Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers.
The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or
to leave a bad one. “The traditional rule was it’s safer to stay where
you are, but that’s been fundamentally inverted,” says one headhunter.
“The people who’ve been hurt the worst are those who’ve stayed too
long.”
26. When McGee announced his departure, his manner can best be
described as being
[A]arrogant.
[B]frank.
[C]self-centered.
[D]impulsive.
27. According to Paragraph 2, senior executives’ quitting may be
spurred by
[A]their expectation of better financial status.
[B]their need to reflect on their private life.
[C]their strained relations with the boards.
[D]their pursuit of new career goals.
28. The word “poached” (Line 3, Paragraph 4) most probably means
[A]approved of.
[B]attended to.
[C]hunted for.
[D]guarded against.
29. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that
[A]top performers used to cling to their posts.
[B]loyalty of top performers is getting out-dated.
[C]top performers care more about reputations.
[D]it’s safer to stick to the traditional rules.
30. Which of the following is the best title for the text?
[A]CEOs: Where to Go?
[B]CEOs: All the Way Up?
[C]Top Managers Jump without a Net
[D]The Only Way Out for Top Performers
Text 3
The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you
paid for. No longer. While traditional “paid” media – such as
television commercials and print advertisements – still play a major role,
companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media. Consumers
passionate about a product may create “owned” media by sending e-mail
alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Web site.
The way consumers now approach the broad range of factors beyond
conventional paid media.
Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own
products. For earned media , such marketers act as the initiator for
users’ responses. But in some cases, one marketer’s owned media become
another marketer’s paid media – for instance, when an e-commerce
retailer sells ad space on its Web site. We define such sold media as owned
media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their
content or e-commerce engines within that environment. This trend ,which
we believe is still in its infancy, effectively began with retailers and
travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further.
Johnson & Johnson, for example, has created BabyCenter, a stand-alone
media property that promotes complementary and even competitive products.
Besides generating income, the presence of other marketers makes the site
seem objective, gives companies opportunities to learn valuabl
information about the appeal of other companies’ marketing, and may help
expand user traffic for all companies concerned.
The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers
with more (and more diverse) communications choices have also increased
the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker,
more visible, and much more damaging ways. Such hijacked media are the
opposite of earned media: an asset or campaign becomes hostage to
consumers, other stakeholders, or activists who make negative allegations
about a brand or product. Members of social networks, for instance, are
learning that they can hijack media to apply pressure on the businesses
that originally created them.
If that happens, passionate consumers would try to persuade others
to boycott products, putting the reputation of the target company at risk.
In such a case, the company’s response may not be sufficiently quick or
thoughtful, and the learning curve has been steep. Toyota Motor, for
example, alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this
year with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-media response
campaign, which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on
sites such as Twitter and the social-news site Digg.
31.Consumers may create “earned” media when they are
[A] obscssed with online shopping at certain Web sites.
[B] inspired by product-promoting e-mails sent to them.
[C] eager to help their friends promote quality products.
[D] enthusiastic about recommending their favorite products.
32. According to Paragraph 2,sold media feature
[A] a safe business environment.
[B] random competition.
[C] strong user traffic.
[D] flexibility in organization.
33. The author indicates in Paragraph 3 that earned media
[A] invite constant conflicts with passionate consumers.
[B] can be used to produce negative effects in marketing.
[C] may be responsible for fiercer competition.
[D] deserve all the negative comments about them.
34. Toyota Motor’s experience is cited as an example of
[A] responding effectively to hijacked media.
[B] persuading customers into boycotting products.
[C] cooperating with supportive consumers.
[D] taking advantage of hijacked media.
35. Which of the following is the text mainly about ?
[A] Alternatives to conventional paid media.
[B] Conflict between hijacked and earned media.
[C] Dominance of hijacked media.
[D] Popularity of owned media.
Text 4
It’s no surprise that Jennifer Senior’s insightful, provocative
magazine cover story, “I love My Children, I Hate My Life,” is arousing
much chatter – nothing gets people talking like the suggestion that child
rearing is anything less than a completely fulfilling, life-enriching
experience. Rather than concluding that children make parents either
happy or miserable, Senior suggests we need to redefine happiness: instead
of thinking of it as something that can be measured by moment-to-moment
joy, we should consider being happy as a past-tense condition. Even though
the day-to-day experience of raising kids can be soul-crushingly hard,
Senior writes that “the very things that in the moment dampen our moods
can later be sources of intense gratification and delight.”
The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby
is hardly the only Madonna-and-child image on newsstands this week. There
are also stories about newly adoptive – and newly single – mom Sandra
Bullock, as well as the usual “Jennifer Aniston is pregnant” news.
Practically every week features at least one celebrity mom, or mom-to-be,
smiling on the newsstands.
In a society that so persistently celebrates procreation, is it any
wonder that admitting you regret having children is equivalent to
admitting you support kitten-killing ? It doesn’t seem quite fair, then,
to compare the regrets of parents to the regrets of the children. Unhappy
parents rarely are provoked to wonder if they shouldn’t have had kids,
but unhappy childless folks are bothered with the message that children
are the single most important thing in the world: obviously their misery
must be a direct result of the gaping baby-size holes in their lives.
Of course, the image of parenthood that celebrity magazines like Us
Weekly and People present is hugely unrealistic, especially when the
parents are single mothers like Bullock. According to several studies
concluding that parents are less happy than childless couples, single
parents are the least happy of all. No shock there, considering how much
work it is to raise a kid without a partner to lean on; yet to hear Sandra
and Britney tell it, raising a kid on their “own” (read: with
round-the-clock help) is a piece of cake.
It’s hard to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want children
just because Reese and Angelina make it look so glamorous: most adults
understand that a baby is not a haircut. But it’s interesting to wonder
if the images we see every week of stress-free, happiness-enhancing
parenthood aren’t in some small, subconscious way contributing to our
own dissatisfactions with the actual experience, in the same way that a
small part of us hoped getting “ the Rachel” might make us look just
a little bit like Jennifer Aniston.
36.Jennifer Senior suggests in her article that raising a child can
bring
[A]temporary delight
[B]enjoyment in progress
[C]happiness in retrospect
[D]lasting reward
37.We learn from Paragraph 2 that
[A]celebrity moms are a permanent source for gossip.
[B]single mothers with babies deserve greater attention.
[C]news about pregnant celebrities is entertaining.
[D]having children is highly valued by the public.
38.It is suggested in Paragraph 3 that childless folks
[A]are constantly exposed to criticism.
[B]are largely ignored by the media.
[C]fail to fulfill their social responsibilities.
[D]are less likely to be satisfied with their life.
39.According to Paragraph 4, the message conveyed by celebrity
magazines is
[A]soothing.
[B]ambiguous.
[C]compensatory.
[D]misleading.
40.Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?
[A]Having children contributes little to the glamour of celebrity
moms.
[B]Celebrity moms have influenced our attitude towards child rearing.
[C]Having children intensifies our dissatisfaction with life.
[D]We sometimes neglect the happiness from child rearing.
Part B
Directions:
The following paragraph are given in a wrong order. For Questions
41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent
text by choosing from the list A-G to filling them into the numbered boxes.
Paragraphs E and G have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER
SHEET 1. (10 points)
[A] No disciplines have seized on professionalism with as much
enthusiasm as the humanities. You can, Mr Menand points out, became a
lawyer in three years and a medical doctor in four. But the regular time
it takes to get a doctoral degree in the humanities is nine years. Not
surprisingly, up to half of all doctoral students in English drop out
before getting their degrees.
[B] His concern is mainly with the humanities: Literature, languages,
philosophy and so on. These are disciplines that are going out of style:
22% of American college graduates now major in business compared with only
2% in history and 4% in English. However, many leading American
universities want their undergraduates to have a grounding in the basic
canon of ideas that every educated person should posses. But most find
it difficult to agree on what a “general education” should look like.
At Harvard, Mr Menand notes, “the great books are read because they have
been read”-they form a sort of social glue.
[C] Equally unsurprisingly, only about half end up with
professorships for which they entered graduate school. There are simply
too few posts. This is partly because universities continue to produce
ever more PhDs. But fewer students want to study humanities subjects:
English departments awarded more bachelor’s degrees in 1970-71 than they
did 20 years later. Fewer students requires fewer teachers. So, at the
end of a decade of theses-writing, many humanities students leave the
profession to do something for which they have not been trained.
[D] One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that
they can cut across the insistence by top American universities that
liberal-arts educations and professional education should be kept
separate, taught in different schools. Many students experience both
varieties. Although more than half of Harvard undergraduates end up in
law, medicine or business, future doctors and lawyers must study a
non-specialist liberal-arts degree before embarking on a professional
qualification.
[E] Besides professionalizing the professions by this separation, top
American universities have professionalised the professor. The growth in
public money for academic research has speeded the process: federal
research grants rose fourfold between 1960and 1990, but faculty teaching
hours fell by half as research took its toll. Professionalism has turned
the acquisition of a doctoral degree into a prerequisite for a successful
academic career: as late as 1969a third of American professors did not
possess one. But the key idea behind professionalisation, argues Mr Menand,
is that “the knowledge and skills needed for a particular specialization
are transmissible but not transferable.”So disciplines acquire a
monopoly not just over the production of knowledge, but also over the
production of the producers of knowledge.
[F] The key to reforming higher education, concludes Mr Menand, is
to alter the way in which “the producers of knowledge are
produced.”Otherwise, academics will continue to think dangerously alike,
increasingly detached from the societies which they study, investigate
and criticize.”Academic inquiry, at least in some fields, may need to
become less exclusionary and more holistic.”Yet quite how that happens,
Mr Menand dose not say.
[G] The subtle and intelligent little book The Marketplace of Ideas:
Reform and Resistance in the American University should be read by every
student thinking of applying to take a doctoral degree. They may then
decide to go elsewhere. For something curious has been happening in
American Universities, and Louis Menand, a professor of English at Harvard
University, captured it skillfully.
G → 41. →42. → E →43. →44. →45.
Part C
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined
segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on
ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
With its theme that “Mind is the master weaver,” creating our inner
character and outer circumstances, the book As a Man Thinking by James
Allen is an in-depth exploration of the central idea of self-help writing.
(46) Allen’s contribution was to take an assumption we all share-that
because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts-and reveal
its erroneous nature. Because most of us believe that mind is separate
from matter, we think that thoughts can be hidden and made powerless; this
allows us to think one way and act another. However, Allen believed that
the unconscious mind generates as much action as the conscious mind, and
(47) while we may be able to sustain the illusion of control through the
conscious mind alone, in reality we are continually faced with a question:
“Why cannot I make myself do this or achieve that? ”
Since desire and will are damaged by the presence of thoughts that
do not accord with desire, Allen concluded : “ We do not attract what
we want, but what we are.” Achievement happens because you as a person
embody the external achievement; you don’t “ get” success but become
it. There is no gap between mind and matter.
\Part of the fame of Allen’s book is its contention that
“Circumstances do not make a person, they reveal him.” (48) This seems
a justification for neglect of those in need, and a rationalization of
exploitation, of the superiority of those at the top and the inferiority
of those at the bottom.
This ,however, would be a knee-jerk reaction to a subtle argument.
Each set of circumstances, however bad, offers a unique opportunity for
growth. If circumstances always determined the life and prospects of
people, then humanity would never have progressed. In fat,
(49)circumstances seem to be designed to bring out the best in us and if
we feel that we have been “wronged” then we are unlikely to begin a
conscious effort to escape from our situation .Nevertheless, as any
biographer knows, a person’s early life and its conditions are often the
greatest gift to an individual.
The sobering aspect of Allen’s book is that we have no one else to
blame for our present condition except ourselves. (50) The upside is the
possibilities contained in knowing that everything is up to us; where
before we were experts in the array of limitations, now we become
authorities of what is possible.
Section Ⅲ Writing
Part A
51. Directions:
Write a letter to a friend of yours to
1) recommend one of your favorite movies and
2) give reasons for your recommendation
Your should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2
Do not sign your own name at the end of the leter. User “LI MING”
instead.
Do not writer the address.(10 points)
Part B
52. Directions:
Write an essay of 160---200 words based on the following drawing. In
your essay, you should
1) describe the drawing briefly,
2) explain it’s intended meaning, and
3) give your comments.
Your should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)
旅程之“余”
2011年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语(一)答
案
Section I Use of English
1.C 2.D 3.B 4.B 5.A 6.B 7.A 8.D 9.C 10.A
11.B 12.C 13.D 14.C 15.B 16.D 17.A 18.D 19.A 20.C
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
21.C 22.B 23.D 24.B 25.A 26.B 27.D 28.C 29.A 30.B
31.D 32.C 33.B 34.A 35.A 36.C 37.D 38.A 39.D 40.B
Part B
41.B 42.D 43.A 44.C 45.F
Part C Translation
46. 我们每个人都认为：自己不是机器人，因此能够控制自己的思想；爱伦
的贡献在于他研究了这一假说，并揭示其错误的本质。
47. 我们或许只通过意识就能维持这种控制的幻觉，但事实上，我们却总是
面临一个问题：我们为什么不能让自己去做这件事情，实现那个目标呢？
48. 这种说法似乎为忽视需要帮助的人找到了借口，使剥削合理化，令上层
人优越，底层人卑微。
49. 环境似乎旨在激发我们的最大潜能，如果我们总感觉“上天不公”，那
么不太可能会自觉地努力脱离现状。
50. 积极的一面是，既然万事都取决于我们，那么就有无限可能。以前，我
们能够熟练应对种种局限；现在，我们把握着未来的可能。
Section III Writing
51.小作文参考范文
小作文范文一：
Dear John,
I am writing, without hesitation, to share one of my favorite movies,
Forest Gump, with you, which is not only conducive to your study, but also
beneficial to your life.
For one thing, the beautiful language in this original English movie
may contribute to your study of English in listening, speaking, reading
and writing. For another thing, the profound cultural elements implicit
in the scene will equip you with foreign cultural background and, above
all, enrich your daily life.
Would you like to see this movie after my recommendation? Remember
to tell me your opinion about the movie. I am looking forward to your early
reply.
Yours,
Li Ming
小作文范文二：
Dear Tom,
Recently, a lot of new movies are on show, among which I love If You
Are The One most. Now I am recommending this movie to you for the reasons
listed below.
First of all, it has powerful cast which appeals to my attention. In
addition, the classic and thought-provoking language makes it
irresistible to all fans. Above all, the deep revelation of love touches
my soul opens my mind.
I am convinced that you are willing to see this movie after my
enthusiastic recommendation. Remember to write and tell me how you feel.
I am looking forward to your early reply.
Yours sincerely,
Li Ming
52.大作文参考范文
The terrible scene depicted in the cartoon shows that some people in
our life still lack the awareness of environmental protection. The picture
illustrates that two tourists are chatting and eating happily on a boat
and casually throwing their rubbish into the lake which is full of litter
and waste. The drawing sets us thinking too much due to its far-reaching
influence.
Nowadays, though the awareness of protecting environment is being
accepted by more and more people, we can still see many unpleasant scenes
especially in scenic spots. Why does this phenomenon arise? Many factors
are accounting for it. First and foremost, to some people, the
consciousness of protecting environment is still not so strong. They may
not think it is a big deal to throw rubbish everywhere. In addition, the
environmental management system isn’t so satisfying. For example, in
some places there’re few regulations or the implementation is seldom
performed actually.
From what has been discussed above, it is urgent to take some effective
and relative measures. In the first place, we should continue to conduct
more propaganda in communities and schools so as to let people realize
the importance of protecting environment. In the second, more rules should
be made and carried out by the government to restrain the conduction of
destroying environment. People should work together to create clean and
beautiful surroundings