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对外经济贸易大学
2011年攻读翻译硕士专业学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目:211翻译硕士英语
Part I Vocabulary and Grammar (30%)
Directions: there are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence.
01. The Space Age ____ in October 1957 when the first artificial satellite was launched
by the Soviet Union.
A. initiated B. originated C. embarked D. commenced
02. John said that he didn't quite ____ and asked me to repeat what I had said.
A. snatch up B. summon up C. catch on D. watch out
03. When he tried to make a ____, he found that the hotel that he wanted was completely
filled because of a convention.
A. complaint B. claim C. reservation D. decision
04. A budget of five dollars a day is totally ____ for a trip round Europe.
A. inadequate B. incapable C. incompatible D. invalid
05. In our highly technological society, the number of jobs for unskilled workers is
____.
A. shrinking B. obscuring C. altering D. constraining
06. The fuel of the continental missile is supposed to be ___ by this device.
A. ignited B. lighted C. fired D. inspired
07. I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time ____ the last bus.
A. to have caught B. to catch C. catching D. having caught
08. Frankly speaking, your article is very good except for some ____ mistakes in grammar.
A. obscure B. glaring C. trivial D. rare
09. As it turned out to be a small house party, we ____ so formally.
A. needn't dress up B. did not need have dressed up
C. did not need dress up D. needn't have dressed up
10. Certain species disappeared or became ____ as new forms arose that were better adapted
to the Earth's changing environment.
A. feeble B. extinct C. massive D. extinguished
11. I apologize if I ____ you, but I assure you it was unintentional.
A. offend B. had offended C. should have offended D. might have offended
12. Franklin D. Roosevelt argued that the depression stemmed from the American economy's
____ flaws.
A. underlining B. vulnerable C. vulgar D. underlying
13. Although a teenager, Fred could resist ____ what to do and what not to do.
A. to be told B. having been told
C. being told D. to have been told
14. I am afraid that you have to alter your ____ views in light of the tragic news
that has just arrived.
A. indifferent B. distressing C. optimistic D. pessimistic
15. Greater efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortage
____ avoided.
A. is to be B. can be
C. will be D. has been
16. Stop shouting! I can't hear the football ____.
A. judgment B. interpretation C. commentary D. explanation
17. Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, and this is
especially true ____ it comes to classroom tests.
A. before B. as C. since D. when
18. Every member of society has to make a ____ to struggle for the freedom of the
country.
A. pledge B. warranty C. resolve D. guarantee
19. David tends to feel useless and unwanted in a society that gives so much ____ to
those who compete well.
A. prestige B. regime C. superiority D. legislation
20. The terrorists might have planted a bomb on a plane in Athens, set to ____ when it
arrived in New York.
A. go off B. get off C. come off D. carry off
21. The younger person's attraction to stereos cannot be explained only ____
familiarity with technology.
A. in quest of B. by means of C. in terms of D. by virtue of
22. By signing the lease we made a ___ to pay a rent of $150 a week.
A. conception B. commission C. commitment D. confinement
Part 2: Identify Stylistic Problems. (18 P)
01. By the time Julia Roberts was 23, she had won two academy award nominations, she
had also become the world's most popular female actress.
A. run on B. comma splice C. correct D. fragment
02. Since then, Roberts has appeared in fourteen films. Most recently, "My Best
Friend's Wedding" and "The Conspiracy Theory."
A. fragment B. choppy C. correct D. comma splice
03. She didn't plan to become an actress. She wanted to be six feet tall. She wanted
to be a veterinarian. She wanted to be happy and make others happy.
A. fragment B. comma splice C. choppy D. correct
04. Although Julia Roberts has had much professional success. In spite of her trouble
with several failed relationships.
A. fragment B. choppy C. comma splice D. correct
05. Julia Roberts lives in Manhattan, not far from the apartment she once shared with
her sister in Greenwich Village.
A. fragment B. comma splice C. correct D. run on
06. She came to New York when she was seventeen. Because her older sister lived there
and she was influenced by her sister.
A. fragment B. run on C. choppy D. comma splice
07. Roberts was raised in Georgia. Her parents ran a theater school there. Her sister
and brother are also actors. The family was always short of money.
A. fragment B. choppy C. correct D. run on
08. When Julia was four years old, her parents divorced. After eighteen years of
marriage.
A. fragment B. run on C. choppy D. correct
Part 3: Reading Comprehension (30 P)
Passage A
Many United States companies have, unfortunately, made the search for legal protection
from import competition into a major line of work. Since 1980 the United States
International Trade Commission (ITC) has received about 280 complaints alleging
damage from imports that benefit from subsidies by foreign governments. Another 340
charge that foreign companies "dumped" their products in the United States at "less
than fair value." Even when no unfair practices are alleged, the simple claim that
an industry has been injured by imports is sufficient grounds to seek relief.
Contrary to the general impression, this quest for import relief has hurt more
companies than it has helped. As corporations begin to function globally, they develop
an intricate web of marketing, production, and research relationships. The complexity
of these relationships makes it unlikely that a system of import relief laws will meet
the strategic needs of all the units under the same parent company.
Internationalization increases the danger that foreign companies will use import relief
laws against the very companies the laws were designed to protect. Suppose a United
States-owned company establishes an overseas plant to manufacture a product while its
competitor makes the same product in the United States. If the competitor can prove
injury from the imports—and that the United States Company received a subsidy from a
foreign government to build its plant abroad—the United States Company's products will
be uncompetitive in the United States, since they would be subject to duties.
Perhaps the most brazen case occurred when the ITC investigated allegations that Canadian
companies were injuring the United States salt industry by dumping rock salt, used to
device roads. The bizarre aspect of the complaint was that a foreign conglomerate with
United States operations was crying for help against a United States company with foreign
operations. The "United States" company claiming injury was a subsidiary of a Dutch
conglomerate, while the "Canadian" companies included a subsidiary of a Chicago firm that
was the second-largest domestic producer of rock salt.
01. The passage is chiefly concerned with ______.
A. arguing against the increased internationalization of United States corporations
B. warning that the application of laws affecting trade frequently has unintended
consequences
C. demonstrating that foreign-based firms receive more subsidies from their governments
than United States firms receive from the United States government
D. advocating the use of trade restrictions for "dumped" products but not for other
imports
02. It can be inferred from the passage that the minimal basis for a complaint to the
International Trade Commission is which of the following?
A. A foreign competitor has received a subsidy from a foreign government.
B. A foreign competitor has substantially increased the volume of products shipped to the
United States.
C. A foreign competitor is selling products in the United States at less than fair market
value.
D. The company requesting import relief has been injured by the sale of imports in the
United States.
03. The last paragraph performs which of the following functions in the passage?
A. It summarizes the discussion thus far and suggests additional areas of research.
B. It presents a recommendation based on the evidence presented earlier.
C. It cites a specific ease that illustrates a problem presented more generally in the
previous paragraph.
D. It introduces an additional area of concern not mentioned earlier.
04. The passage warns of which of the following dangers?
A. Companies in the United States may receive no protection from imports unless they
actively seek protection from import competition.
B. Companies that seek legal protection from import competition may incur legal costs
that far exceed any possible gain.
C. Companies that are United States owned but operate internationally may not be
eligible for protection from import competition under the laws of the countries in which
their plants operate.
D. Companies that are not United States owned may seek legal protection from import
competition under United States import relief laws.
05. According to the passage, the International Trade Commission is involved in which
of the following?
A. Investigating allegations of unfair import competition
B. Granting subsidies to eompanies in the United States that have been injured by import
competition
C. Recommending legislation to ensure fair trade
D. Identifying international corporations that wish to build plants in the United States
Passage B
Since the late 1970s, in the face Of a severe loss of market share in dozens of industries,
manufacturers in the United States have been trying to improve productivity—and therefore
enhance their international competitiveness—through cost-cutting programs. (Cost-cutting
here is defined as raising labor output while holding the amount of labor constant.)
However, from 1978 through 1982, productivity—the value of goods manufactured divided by
the amount of labor input—did not improve; and while the results were better in the business
upturn of the three years following, they ran 25 percent lower than productivity improvements
during earlier, post-1945 upturns. At the same time, it became clear that the harder
manufactures worked to implement cost-cutting, the more they lost their competitive edge.
With this paradox in mind, I recently visited 25 companies; it became clear to me that the
cost-cutting approach to increasing productivity is fundamentally flawed. Manufacturing
regularly observes a "40, 40, 20" rule. Roughly 4o percent of any manufacturing-based
competitive advantage derives from long-term changes in manufacturing structure (decisions
about the number, size, location, and capacity of facilities) and in approaches to materials.
Another 40 percent comes from major changes in equipment and process technology. The final 20
percent rests on implementing conventional cost-cutting. This rule does not imply that cost-
cutting should not be tried. The well-known tools of this approach—including simplifying jobs
and retraining employees to work smarter, not harder—do produce results. But the tools quickly
reach the limits of what they can contribute.
Another problem is that the cost-cutting approach hinders innovation and discourages creative
people. As Abernathy's study of automobile manufacturers has shown, an industry can easily
become prisoner of its own investments in cost-cutting techniques, reducing its ability to
develop new products. And managers under pressure to maximize cost-cutting will resist
innovation because they know that more fundamental changes in processes or systems will wreak
havoc with the results on which they are measured. Production managers have always seen their
job as one of minimizing costs and maximizing output. This dimension of performance has until
recently sufficed as a basis of evaluation, but it has created a penny-pinching, mechanistic
culture in most factories that has kept away creative managers.
Every company I know that has freed itself from the paradox has done so, in part, by developing
and implementing a manufacturing strategy. Such a strategy focuses on the manufacturing
structure and on equipment and process technology. In one company a manufacturing strategy
that allowed different areas of the factory to specialize in different markets replaced the
conventional cost-cutting approach; within three years the company regained its competitive
advantage. Together with such strategies, successful companies are also encouraging managers to
focus on a wider set of objectives besides cutting costs. There is hope for manufacturing, but
it clearly rests on a different way of managing.
01 The author of the passage is primarily concerned with ______.
A. summarizing a thesis
B. recommending a different approach
C. comparing points of view
D. making a series of predictions
02 It can be inferred from the passage that the manufacturers mentioned in paragraph 1 expected
that the measures they implemented would ______.
A. encourage innovation
B. keep labor output constant
C. increase their competitive advantage
D. permit business upturns to be more easily predicted
03. The primary function of the first paragraph of the passage is to ______.
A. present a historical context for the author's observations
B. anticipate challenges to the prescriptions that follow
C. clarify some disputed definitions of economic terms
D. summarize a number of long-accepted explanations
04. The author refers to Ahernathy's study most probably in order to ______.
A. qualify an observation about one rule governing manufacturing
B. address possible objections to a recommendation about improving manufacturing competitiveness
C. support an earlier assertion about method of increasing productivity
D. suggest the centrality in the Unit States economy of a particular manufacturing
industry
05. The author's attitude toward the culture in most factories is best described as ______.
A. cautious B. critical C. disinterested D. respectful
Passage C
It can be argued that much consumer dissatisfaction with marketing strategies arises
from an inability to aim advertising at only the likely buyers of a given product. There are three
groups of consumers who are affected by the marketing process. First, there is the market
segment—people who need the commodity in question. Second, there is the program target
—people in the market segment with the "best fit" characteristics for a specific product.
Lots of people—may need trousers, but only a few qualify as likely buyers of very expensive
designer trousers. Finally, there is the program audience—all people who are actually exposed
to the marketing program without regard to whether they need or want the product.
These three groups are rarely identical. An exception occurs in cases where customers
for a particular industrial product may be few and easily identifiable. Such customers, all
sharing a particular need, are likely to form a meaningful target, for example, all companies
with a particular application of the product in question, such as high-speed fillers of
bottles at breweries. In such circumstances, direct selling (marketing that reaches only the
program target) is likely to be economically justified, and highly specialized trade media exist
to expose members of the program target—and only members of the program target—to the marketing program.
Most consumer-goods markets are significantly different. Typically, there are many rather than
few potential customers. Each represents a relatively small percentage of potential
sales.
Rarely do members of a particular market segment group themselves neatly into a
meaningful program
target. There are substantial differences among consumers with similar demographic
characteristics.
Even with all the past decade's advances in information technology, direct selling of
consumer goods is rare, and mass marketing—- a marketing approach that aims at a wide audience
-remains the only economically feasible mode. Unfortunately, there are few media that allow the marketer to direct a marketing program exclusively to the program target. Inevitably, people get exposed to a great deal of marketing for products in which they have no interest and so they become annoyed.
01. The passage suggests which of the following about highly specialized trade media?
A. They should be used only when direct selling is not economically feasible.
B. They can be used to exclude from the program audience people who are not part of the program target.
C. They are used only for very expensive products.
D. They are rarely used in the implementation of marketing programs for industrial products.
02. The passage suggests which of the following about direct selling?
A. It is used in the marketing of most industrial products.
B. It is often used in cases where there is a large program target.
C. It is not economically feasible for most marketing programs.
D. It is used only for products for which there are many potential customers.
03. The author mentions "trousers" in paragraph 1 most likely in order to ______.
A. make a comparison between the program target and the program audience
B. emphasize the similarities between the market segment and the program target
C. provide an example of the way three groups of consumers are affected by a marketing program
D. clarify the distinction between the market segment and the program target
04. "the product in question" in Line 5, Paragraph 2 means ______.
A. "the product in the previous question"
B. "the product under discussion"
C. "the product on sale"
D. "the product in doubt"
05. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following is true for most consumer-
goods markets?
A. The program target and the program audience are not usually identical.
B. The program audience and the market segment are usually identical.
C. The market segment and the program target are usually identical.
D. The program target is larger than the market segment.
Cloze Test
Most economists in the United States seem captivated by the spell of the free market. __16__. A
price that is determined by the seller or, for that matter, established by anyone other than the
aggregate of consumers seems pernicious. __17__. In fact, price-fixing is normal in all
industrialized societies because the industrial system itself provides, as an effortless
consequence of its own development, the price-fixing that it requires. Modern industrial planning
requires and rewards great size. Hence, a comparatively small number of large firms will be
competing for the same group of consumers. That each large firm will act with consideration of its
own needs and thus avoid selling its products for more than its competitors charge is commonly
recognized by advocates of free-market economic theories. __18__. Each large firm will thus avoid significant price-cutting, because price-cutting would be prejudicial to the common interest in a stable demand for products. Most economists do not see price-fixing when it occurs because they expect it to be brought about by a number of explicit agreements among large firms; it is not. Moreover, those economists who argue that allowing the free market to operate without interference is the most efficient method of establishing prices have not considered the economies of non-socialist countries other than the United states. These economies employ intentional price-fixing, usually in an overt fashion. Formal price-fixing by cartel and informal price-fixing by agreements covering the members of an industry are common-place. __19__, the countries that have avoided the first and used the second would have suffered drastically in their economic development. There is no indication that they have.
Socialist industry also works within a framework of controlled prices. In the early 1970's, the
Soviet Union began to give firms and industries some of the flexibility in adjusting prices that
a more informal evolution has accorded the capitalist system. __20__; rather, Soviet firms have
been given the power to fix prices.
A. But each large firm will also act with full consideration of the needs that it has in common
with the other large firms competing for the same customers
B. Consequently, nothing seems good or normal that does not accord with the requirements of the free market
C. Economists in the United States have hailed the change as a return to the free market. But Soviet firms are no more subject to prices established by a free market over which they exercise little influence than are capitalist firms
D. Accordingly, it requires a major act of will to think of price-fixing (the determination of
prices by the seller) as both "normal" and having a valuable economic function
E. Were there something peculiarly efficient about the free market and inefficient about price-
fixing-o.
Part 4: Writing. (30 P)
Write an English essay of 250-300 words describing Maslow's hierarchy of human needs and analyse this model with ONE example. Your writing will be assessed for language, format, structure and content.
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